Updated: Naomi Makowska

Documented how women shared information on "love magic," healing spells, superstition, and conjuring.

Strategic, practical tools used to exert control over domestic and romantic spheres. Isolated women turning on each other due to fear. naomi makowska

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: Earlier in her career, she was active in student academic communities, assisting peers with textbook recommendations for English and History honours programs. user wants a long article about "naomi makowska"

Where previous historical schools viewed these trials merely as evidence of systematic oppression, Makowska reads between the lines of the inquisitorial testimonies. Her dissertation, Women's Production and Exchange of Forbidden Knowledge... , reveals that despite the pervasive threat of detection, these women engineered a "vibrant and magical landscape".

By systematically mining the original trial records of the , she evaluated the cases of roughly 507 women prosecuted for religious infractions. These offenses included: Love magic aimed at controlling relationships Superstition and healing spells to navigate illnesses Blasphemy and demon conjuring to reclaim agency

In her critique, Makowska highlights how the concept of "networking" among historical women was highly flexible and not always universally positive; relationships could be cooperative, transactional, or actively hostile. She advocates for creative, interdisciplinary methodologies—drawing from musicology, legal history, and literature—to successfully recover the voices of single mothers, magical practitioners, and low-income workers from heavily biased archival sources. Historical Impact Research Focus Area Primary Source Material Core Historical Insights Modenese Church Archival Records (1598–1658)