2015

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There are several prominent guides associated with the year 2015 across various professional fields. Depending on your area of interest, you may be looking for one of the following: The request for a review of "2015" typically

Tragically, 2015 also witnessed the brutal rise of the Islamic State (ISIS). The group controlled vast swaths of Syria and Iraq, including the major city of Mosul. Their savage tactics – beheadings, mass executions, and the destruction of ancient cultural heritage sites like Palmyra – horrified the globe. But the terror came home in 2015. On January 7, two gunmen attacked the Paris office of the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo , killing 12 people. The phrase "Je suis Charlie" became a global rallying cry for free speech. Then, on November 13, 2015, a coordinated series of attacks across Paris – including the Bataclan theatre, the Stade de France, and multiple cafes – killed 130 people and injured over 400. It was the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II. The world’s security apparatus shifted overnight, with massive implications for surveillance, travel, and immigration policies. The group controlled vast swaths of Syria and

The year was also defined by significant social progress and shifts in public consciousness. On January 7, two gunmen attacked the Paris

: In June 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges , making same-sex marriage legal in all 50 states—a landmark victory for civil rights.

While less publicized than space probes, 2015 saw a revolution in biology with the rapid refinement of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology. Chinese scientists made headlines (and sparked international ethical debates) when they reported using CRISPR to edit human embryos – non-viable embryos, but embryos nonetheless. The work, published in April, raised profound questions about designer babies and the future of the human germline. Meanwhile, researchers in the U.S. and Europe used CRISPR to create genetically modified mosquitoes that could help stop the spread of malaria, and to grow human organs in pigs. 2015 was the year gene editing moved from science fiction to a real, present, and ethically fraught possibility.

Yet the breakthroughs of 2015 – the Paris Agreement, the CRISPR revolution, the New Horizons mission – were forward-looking, optimistic even. In a time of terror and tragedy, 2015 also offered moments of wonder, joy, and profound social progress. For better and worse, it was a year that set the stage for the world we live in today. And for that, it remains a year worth remembering.